As the gap between the need for and supply of human organs continues to widen, the aim of securing additional sources of these “gifts of the body” has become a seemingly overriding moral imperative, one that could—and some argue, should—override the widespread ban on organ markets. As a medical practice, organ transplantation entails the inherent risk that one human being, a donor, will become little more than a means to the end of healing for another human being and that he (...) or she will come to have a purely instrumental value. With the establishment of organ markets, not only will the harms of instrumentalization be a reality—the ends of medicine will be further compromised and confused. (shrink)

Introduction: Variation across research ethics boards in conditions placed on access to medical records for research purposes raises concerns around negative impacts on research quality and on human subject protection, including privacy.Aim: To study variation in REB consent requirements for retrospective chart review and who may have access to the medical record for data abstraction.Methods: Thirty 90-min face-to-face interviews were conducted with REB chairs and administrators affiliated with faculties of medicine in Canadian universities, using structured questions around a case study (...) with open-ended responses. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded manually.Results: Fourteen sites required individual patient consent for the study to proceed as proposed. Three indicated that their response would depend on how potentially identifying variables would be managed. Eleven sites did not require consent. Two suggested a notification and opt-out process. Most stated that consent would be required if identifiable information was being abstracted from the record. Among those not requiring consent, there was substantial variation in recognising that the abstracted information could potentially indirectly re-identify individuals. Concern over access to medical records by an outside individual was also associated with requirement for consent. Eighteen sites required full committee review. Sixteen allowed an external research assistant to abstract information from the health record.Conclusions: Large variation was found across sites in the requirement for consent for research involving access to medical records. REBs need training in best practices for protecting privacy and confidentiality in health research. A forum for REB chairs to confidentially share concerns and decisions about specific studies could also reduce variation in decisions. (shrink)

Ontologies are being used by information scientists in order to facilitate the sharing of meaningful information. However, computational ontologies are problematic in that they often decontextualize information. The semantic content of information is dependent upon the context in which it exists and the experience through which it emerges. For true semantic interoperability to occur among diverse information systems, within or across domains, information must remain contextualized. In order to bring more context to computational ontologies, we introduce culture as an essential (...) concept for information science. Culture helps to focus our attention on and make meaning of relevant extrapersonal structures and their qualities and dimensions that comprise the context and background of the world. In our approach, culture is integral to the study of semantics and, consequently, the study of ontologies and information technologies. The meaning we make of entities and phenomena in the world is always shaped by our cultural experience. If we understand culture as the emergent interplay of intrapersonal cognitive structures and extrapersonal structures of the world, then the notion of cognitive and cultural schemas becomes essential to understanding ontology and the ways in which we might achieve authentic semantic interoperability among diverse information systems. We explore the nature of ontologies and reconceptualize them as cultural schemas. Our proposal is an alternative to the historical path from philosophical ontology to computational ontologies as one that adheres primarily to the notion of ontology as a categorization and classification system. The obvious implication for ontology as categorization is that there is a single objective world that exists and that it can be described as entirely separate from the person observing it. We draw upon Heidegger’s examination of ontology to ground ontology in a phenomenological perspective, enabling it to remain flexible and adaptable and to accommodate context. (shrink)

Contemporary problems associated with the notion of determinism are focused by this symposium in three major areas of inquiry--philosophy, physical science, and law and moral responsibility. Determinism in modern physics is capably analyzed by a number of eminent contributors; but with respect to its significance for a philosophy of nature, little that is new or suggestive emerges from this analysis. The distinction between "hard" and "soft" determinism and its implications in legal and moral contexts provoke the most valuable part of (...) the discussion.--J. F. D. (shrink)

The US neutrino community gathered at the Workshop on the Intermediate Neutrino Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory February 4-6, 2015 to explore opportunities in neutrino physics over the next five to ten years. Scientists from particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics participated in the workshop. The workshop examined promising opportunities for neutrino physics in the intermediate term, including possible new small to mid-scale experiments, US contributions to large experiments, upgrades to existing experiments, R&D plans and theory. The workshop was organized into (...) two sets of parallel working group sessions, divided by physics topics and technology. Physics working groups covered topics on Sterile Neutrinos, Neutrino Mixing, Neutrino Interactions, Neutrino Properties and Astrophysical Neutrinos. Technology sessions were organized into Theory, Short-Baseline Accelerator Neutrinos, Reactor Neutrinos, Detector R&D and Source, Cyclotron and Meson Decay at Rest sessions.This report summarizes discussion and conclusions from the workshop. (shrink)

In this paper we present a paradigmatic example of the use in knowledge management of techniques from other fields, namely mathematical analysis. We also highlight that the Jacobi method presented here takes precedence over the better known Hungarian method. Finally, we signify that the Jacobi method represents the first known or recognized case of serendipity in both knowledge management and operational research. This paper thus demonstrates the intersection between knowledge management, mathematical analysis and operational research and how taking historical perspectives (...) are important for recognising future applications of knowledge management. This results in a better understanding of knowledge management and how it can be applied in the future. It has been shown how knowledge management relates to historical mathematical principles. (shrink)

The thirteen essays of this collection converge on the theme of authority in an effort to analyze its general theoretical characteristics, to evaluate its historical development, and to propose solutions to contemporary social, political, and legal problems. Hannah Arendt's contribution, "What was Authority?" best expresses the awareness, reflected in several of the other essays, of a crisis in the understanding and acceptance of authority as a significant concept in political theory; and Carl J. Friedrich and Bertrand de Jouvenel provide perceptive (...) constructive attempts to grasp the nature of authority.--J. F. D. (shrink)

In 2000, a simple, foundational thermodynamic paradox was proposed: a sealed blackbody cavity contains a diatomic gas and a radiometer whose apposing vane surfaces dissociate and recombine the gas to different degrees (A $_{2} \rightleftharpoons $ 2A). As a result of differing desorption rates for A and A $_{2}$ , there arise between the vane faces permanent pressure and temperature differences, either of which can be harnessed to perform work, in apparent conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. Here we (...) report on the first experimental realization of this paradox, involving the dissociation of low-pressure hydrogen gas on high-temperature refractory metals (tungsten and rhenium) under blackbody cavity conditions. The results, corroborated by other laboratory studies and supported by theory, confirm the paradoxical temperature difference and point to physics beyond the traditional understanding of the second law. (shrink)

A desultory caricature, ostensibly socialist in tenor, of a well-known theory of justice.--J. F. D.

A collection of essays by a British master of Marxism, this book ranges over a wide variety of related topics--ethics, human rights, social theory, ideology, religion, and philosophy. The essays are reprints or adaptations of previous articles and addresses, and are unified by the author's sympathetic interpretation of Marxist thought. Especially instructive and timely is a chapter on Sartre and Marxism.--J. F. D.

There is no pretension here of discussing "art in general," or of forcing aesthetic categories on a uniquely "unphilosophic" art. The author, following an inquiry into the existential modes of concrete works of art, skillfully develops solutions to the vexing problems of individuality, identity, and authenticity of paintings. His realistic analysis of the creation of paintings, of their complex causal elements, suggests the conclusion that paintings are not imitations or reflections of nature, but are themselves natural objects. This conclusion necessitates (...) a fundamental distinction between paintings and pictures, and by virtue of this distinction the author seeks to overcome many of the "metapictorial" problems posed by religious and social art and especially by the "abstract" revolution in modern art. His case for modern painting and for its relevance for philosophic inquiry is both penetrating and enlightening.--J. F. D. (shrink)

This final work of the late Prof. Brightman was virtually complete at his death; however the editors have written four additional chapters and part of a fifth, basing their work on other writings of the author. The result is a lucid, unified account of the personalist position.--J. F. D.

These seven essays comprise an outstanding collection embracing related yet distinct approaches to poetry via music and musicology, rhetoric and linguistics. Mr. Frye's penetrating essay effectively sets the tone of the variously oriented contributions. Acknowledgment of the increasing authority of linguistic criticism is especially prominent.--J. F. D.

In the tradition of Kant, Bergson, and Whitehead, the author analyzes the fundamental concepts of biology in terms of their relation to time. By virtue of distinctions between objective and subjective time, and between causal unities and teleological wholes, the author presents a uniquely dualistic theory of biology in which the notion of teleology can be properly applied only to man, and purpose is exhibited only by the higher animals which possess a partly subjective time structure. --J. F. D.

An introduction to the author's conception of Ganzheitlichkeit and Terminalkausalität, and the first part of an inquiry into the relevance and adequacy of this conception for three different types of phenomena--atomic, biodynamic, and neural. The concept of Terminalkausalität is proposed as a basis on which the theoretical dualism of modern physics, and particularly the problems associated with the uncertainty relation, may be overcome. Further, this concept suggests the principles by which the various natural sciences may be unified. --J. F. D.

This comprehensive survey is particularly valuable for the intelligence and originality with which it approaches aesthetic speculation. The author permits the original texts to serve as the basis of his study, and exhibits each of the major aesthetic systems of the period as an integral whole involving logical and psychological principles. Each of the writers chosen from the tradition is criticized in his own terms, without detracting from the originality of his contribution to the body of aesthetic theory. A few (...) of the lesser-known aestheticians of the 18th century here receive fuller discussion than has previously been available.--J. F. D. (shrink)

A semi-popular presentation of the ideals of Chinese culture derived from the classics of Taoism, Confucianism, and Mohism. Contrasts between Chinese and Western thought are often suggestive, though the latter receives a highly stylized interpretation.--J. F. D.

Bringing together in one work the points of view of comparative religion and of the history and philosophy of religion, this book should be a valuable introductory text. For the most part the author has maintained an informal, somewhat narrative style, and the text is enhanced by brief selections from representative writings of the various religious traditions. Pertinent, up to date archeological evidence is provided wherever needed, and the bibliography is unusually adequate for a work of this type. Contemporary theological (...) and cosmological issues are mentioned but not discussed.--J. F. D. (shrink)

An essay which is occasionally provocative, though somewhat cursory, in its delineation of the American democratic ideal. The author reviews the intellectual contributions of the philosophers of the Enlightenment, the Puritan tradition, ethical idealism and pragmatism to the American political tradition. But these various contributions have provided only a partial expression of the ideal of Americanism. This, the author thinks, is a personalist ethic, issuing in a "democratic personalism." --J. F. D.

A good introduction to the Aristotelian-Thomistic theory of demonstration and natural science, and a standard application of the principles of this theory to the experimental sciences. --J. F. D.

A fresh, constructive inquiry into the metaphysics of knowledge and the principles of order by which the various disciplines are related and integrated. As the basis of this inquiry, the author provides a defense of metaphysical realism and intentional logic, in opposition to the reductive tendencies which he finds exemplified in naturalism, idealism, nominalism, and the "postulational" ontologies of such thinkers as Whitehead. The aim of the work is a natural classification of knowledge, based on kinds of evidence and subject (...) matter, and on an understanding of the manner in which each discipline presupposes the others.--J. F. D. (shrink)

Wernham's critical edition includes the complete text of the Tractatus Politicus and all the portions of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus having to do with politics and ethics, with Latin and English texts conveniently printed face-à-face. The introduction and notes are balanced and substantial; they conclude from a detailed comparison of Spinoza's political thought with Hobbes' that Spinoza, while less "modern" in outlook than his English contemporary, may nevertheless possess greater relevance for current political philosophy.--J. F. D.